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18. インフラクション及びバイオレーションの種類

1. 18.1. マーキング・インフラクション：
   Decision diagram: Marking infraction occurs, no pass made
   1. 18.1.1. マーキング・インフラクションには、以下の種類がある。
      1. 18.1.1.1. 「ファストカウント」：マーカーが以下の状況にある場合に発生する。
         1. 18.1.1.1.1. ストールカウントを不当に開始、または継続した場合。
         2. 18.1.1.1.2. 「ストーリング」という言葉からストールカウントを開始しない、または再開しない場合。
         3. 18.1.1.1.3. ストールカウントの間隔が【1 秒より短い】場合。
         4. 18.1.1.1.4. ストールカウントが、正しいカウントに直されない場合。
         5. 18.1.1.1.5. 正しいカウントからストールカウントを開始しない場合。
            解釈： Starting from the incorrect number

            If a fast count infraction is called because the marker started the stall count from the incorrect number (e.g. when they are not within 3 metres of the thrower, or after moving more than 3 metres from the thrower) the marker should automatically reset the stall count at the correct number, even if that means reducing the count by more than 2 seconds.

            If a marking infraction is called before the stall count reaches 2, the marker must reduce the stall count to 1 (it should not result in a “negative stall count”).

      2. 18.1.1.2. 「ストラドル」：ディフェンス側の選手の両脚を結ぶ線が、スローワーのピボットポイントからディスク 1 枚分の範囲内にある場合。
      3. 18.1.1.3. 「ディスクスペース」：ディフェンス側の選手の体の一部が、スローワーの胴部からディスク 1枚分の範囲内にある場合。ただし、この状況がスローワーの動作のみによって生じた場合は、ディスクスペースとはならない。
         解釈： Disc Space

         The thrower may choose to call “disc space” for both straddle and wrapping violations as appropriate. However, the thrower may also choose to call the more specific violation for clearer communication to the marker about what needs to be corrected.

      4. 18.1.1.4. 「ラッピング」：ディフェンス側の選手の両手や両腕を結ぶ線が、スローワーの胴部からディスク 1 枚分の範囲内にある場合、もしくはディフェンス側の選手の身体の一部がスローワーのピボット（軸）上にある場合。ただし、この状況がスローワーの動作のみによって生じた場合は、ラッピングとはならない。
         解釈： Wrapping

         The marker is allowed to stand with arms stretched out to attempt to ‘force’ the thrower to throw in a particular direction, as long as they are legally positioned.

      5. 18.1.1.5. 「ダブルチーム」：マーカー以外のディフェンス側の選手が、スローワーのピボットポイントから【3m 以内】に位置している、かつスローワー以外のオフェンス側の選手に対してディフェンスをしていない場合。
         解釈： Double team

         What: Two or more defensive players are within 3 metres of the thrower and are not guarding any other players.

         Result: The offence may call “double team” unless all “extra” defenders can claim they are guarding (within three meters of an offensive player and are reacting to that offensive player) another offensive player, or if they are merely running across the area.

         Note: In zone defence it is common for a defender to come within 3 metres of the thrower when another offensive player enters into that same area. To avoid a double team the defender must be guarding that offensive player, which can include attempting to stop a pass to that offensive player.

         If the defence does not believe they have committed a double team infraction they may call contest and play shall stop – they cannot just ignore the call.

         Any number of defensive players are allowed to guard the same offensive receiver.

         Extra: When a double team is called and is accepted, the marker must first wait for the illegal positioning to be corrected (18.1.4) and then resume the stall count with the number last fully uttered before the call, minus one (1) (18.1.3).

         Any offensive player may make a double team call, however if the call is not made by the thrower, the call should be made loud enough for the thrower and marker to hear. If the thrower echoes a double team call made by a teammate, this should be treated as the same double team call (eg the stall count needs only to be reduced one time.)

         If a defender intentionally double teams the thrower, with no regard for any other offensive players, and gets a block, this can be addressed by rule 1.2.1.

         Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Guarding another offensive player

         The definition of guarding a player includes that you should be “primarily focused on and reacting to that offensive player”. How much is enough is the cause of some contention, but it is generally accepted that you at least cannot stand with your back permanently to them. (Even if you're listening; your vision is probably a key part of “primarily focused on”. Note that this part of the definition is new for the 2025–2028 rules.) What about looking mostly at the thrower, but glancing occasionally at the player you claim to be guarding? Unlikely, that's also not “primarily focused”. Is it allowed to glance occasionally over at the thrower, which means you lose temporary sight of that player? Most likely; that is a normal part of guarding. If you wouldn't notice that they are making a cut within some reasonable amount of time, you are not guarding them.

         A common way of using the “guarding other player” rule is “crashing the cup” in a zone defense; if some other receiver is coming in for a pass, the entire cup is allowed to close around the receiver (they are now guarding that other player, by trying to prevent a pass to them; they are also in practice blocking off nearly all other passes as a nice side effect). This is legal, but they need to open up again when that player leaves. This will typically have you with the back to that player for a short while, but again, you will really need to pay primary attention to them and not the thrower after the 2025 changes. It's not entirely clear how this will be interpreted in practice going forward.

         1. 18.1.1.5.1. 他のオフェンス側の選手に対してディフェンスしているディフェンス側の選手は、他のオフェンス側の選手に対してディフェンスし続けている限り、スローワーからのパスを防ごうと試みることができる。
         2. 18.1.1.5.2. ピボットの位置から 3m 以内を駆け抜けただけではダブルチームとならない。
      6. 18.1.1.6. 「ビジョン」：ディフェンス側の選手が体の一部を使い、スローワーの視界を意図的に遮った場合。
   2. 18.1.2. ディフェンス側の選手は、マーキング・インフラクションにコンテストをすることができる。この時、プレイは中断する。
      1. 18.1.2.1. パスが通った場合、コンテストとなった、あるいはリトラクトされたマーキング・インフラクションは、オフェンス側の選手によるバイオレーションとして扱わなければならない。この時、ディスクはスローワーに戻さなければならない。
         解釈： Contested Marking Infractions

         After a contested marking infraction where a pass has been completed, it is the marker's responsibility to announce if play was affected for the purpose of rule 16.3. In limited situations for contested marking infraction calls, when the marker diverts their attention away from marking while reasonably and quickly assessing the conditions to the thrower's marking infraction call, the marker could determine that play was affected. For example, the thrower calls straddle, and while the marker is looking at their feet to assess their marking position, the thrower completes a throw around the marker. If the marker subsequently contests the straddle because they assessed that they weren't committing a marking infraction, they could claim that play was affected and the disc should be returned to the thrower.

   3. 18.1.3. 18.1.1 に記載されているマーキング・インフラクションのコールが発生し、プレイが中断していない場合、マーカーはコール時点のストールカウントから【1 を引いた数字】からストールカウントをやり直さなければない。
      解釈： Resuming the stall count after Marking Infractions

      When a marking infraction is called, the marker should immediately stop counting. The defence should then correct the infraction and the marker can then resume the count at the appropriate number.

      To resume the stall count with the number last uttered before the call minus one, is the same as subtracting two seconds from the stall count eg. Stalling One, Two, Three, Fast Count, Two, Three etc.

      Extra: If more than one marking infraction is called during the same thrower possession it does not impact how the stall count is adjusted – the marker must still resume the stall count with the number last fully uttered before the call, minus one (1).

      1. 18.1.3.1. マーカーは、インフラクションがコールされた後に、その不正なポジションを修正するまでストールカウントをやり直してはならない。ポジションを修正しない限り、再びマーカー・インフラクションとなる。
   4. 18.1.4. 以下の場合、当該選手はマーキング・インフラクションをコールする代わりに「マーキング・バイオレーション」をコールし、プレイを中断することができる。
      解釈： Marker does not adjust the stall count after a marking infraction

      Extra: If the marker does not adjust the stall count the thrower should call a fast count infraction (18.1.1.1). If the marker still fails to adjust the stall count the thrower may call a Violation. Play stops and the breach should be explained to the marker.

      1. 18.1.4.1. ストールカウントが、正しいカウントに直されない場合。
      2. 18.1.4.2. ストールカウントが開始されていない場合。
      3. 18.1.4.3. 悪質なマーキング・インフラクションが発生した場合。
         解釈： Egregious marking infractions

         This includes flagrant breaches such as four defenders being around the thrower, the marker completely surrounding the thrower with their arms, and the marker only taking two seconds to reach “stalling 6”.

      4. 18.1.4.4. マーキング・インフラクションが繰り返し発生した場合。
   5. 18.1.5. マーキング・インフラクションもしくはマーキング・バイオレーションがコールされる前や最中、直後にスローワーがパスを試みた場合、そのコールは何の影響も及ぼさない。パスが通らなかった場合にはターンオーバーが成立する（18.1.2.1 が適用される場合は除く）。
2. 18.2. トラベル・インフラクション：
   Decision diagram: Travel called
   1. 18.2.1. ディスクをキャッチした後、スローワーは進行方向を変えることなく、可能な限り速やかに減速し、ピボットポイントを確定させなくてはならない。
      1. 18.2.1.1. ただし、以下をすべて満たす場合に限り、走ったりジャンプしたりしているときにディスクをキャッチした選手は、減速することなく、またピボットポイントも確定させずにパスを出すことができる。
         1. 18.2.1.1.1. パスをリリースするまで、方向を変えたり加速したりしない場合。
         2. 18.2.1.1.2. ディスクをキャッチしてからパスをリリースするまでの間に、地面との接触点が最大で 2 つまでとなる場合。
            Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Two additional points of contact

            The “additional” refers to relative to what you have at the time of the catch. So if you catch the disc while in the air, you can basically land with both feet and then you can do no more ground contacts before you throw (assuming you want to throw under this rule and not the more common 18.2.1). But if you catch it with both feet on the ground, you can lift one leg, take a step with it, lift the other, take a step with it, (then lift one or both if you want, as long as you don't set them down) and then throw.

            The big difference between the “catch-and-throw” method of passing (18.2.1.1) and regular catching is that you are allowed to throw without setting and maintaining a pivot, e.g., with both feet in the air, or with different feet on the ground throughout the throwing motion. Also, you don't need to slow down as soon as possible; you can't accelerate or change direction either, but at least you can keep the same speed or slow down at your own pace. The latter difference isn't as as important, though, as it is rare that anyone would complain about not slowing down as soon as possible with only two steps.

   2. 18.2.2. スローワーはパスをするまでの間、ピボットポイントを確定させその位置を維持している場合に限ってどの方向にも動くこと（ピボット）ができる。
      解釈： Passing while slowing down after catching the disc

      What: An offensive player catches the disc while running and passes the disc while still in the process of slowing down, and after two additional points of contact with the ground.

      Result: This is allowed, provided that the player was attempting to slow down as quickly as possible and they maintain contact with the playing field throughout the throwing motion.

      Extra: Once the thrower has released the disc they do not need to come to a stop.

      Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Leaning over

      This means that if you are stepping and leaning forward (i.e., your pivot foot is your back foot), you cannot raise your back foot until the disc is thrown. This is fairly common among new players.

   3. 18.2.3. 地面に立っていないスローワーは、ピボットポイントとして体のどの部分でも使うことができる。
      1. 18.2.3.1. 立ち上がった後、立ち上がる前と同じ位置にピボットポイントを確定させれば、「トラベル」とはならない。
   4. 18.2.4. トラベル・インフラクションは、以下の場合に発生する。
      解釈： Making a Travel call

      The defence should not call travel under section 18.2 for failing to slow down unless they have evidence that the player was not trying to stop while in possession of the disc. In particular:

      • a player who catches and throws the disc while entirely in the air does not need to slow down
      • the length of a player’s strides should decrease as they slow down
      • a player is not allowed to maintain a constant speed while catching and throwing the disc, unless they catch and throw in the air, or a maximum of two additional points of contact with the ground are made after the catch and before they release the pass
      • it should never take a player more than 5 steps to come to a stop

      Unless the defence has evidence along those lines, they should not call travel. Players should also take into consideration that a player may change direction after they have established a pivot – any change of direction after a pivot has been established should not be called a travel.

      In some situations, a receiver may need to maintain speed briefly or change direction slightly to avoid contact with a diving defender or to jump over a player on the ground. This is expected in such situations and should not be considered a travel. If the travel is caused solely by contact that is initiated by an opponent, this should not be considered a travel.

      Extra: If play has stopped, the thrower may change the part of their body that they have in contact with the pivot spot. This is not a travel.

      If a player aims to release a pass without attempting to stop in accordance with 18.2.1.1 but then change their mind and stop without releasing the pass after more than two additional points of contact, this is a travel infraction and the travel is deemed to have occurred when they failed to reduce their speed.

      A player is deemed to be changing direction after catching the disc if there is sideways movement of their centre of mass before a pivot is established, or their pivot point is not established where their foot would naturally have stopped based on their previous motion.

      Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Catch-and-throw-22

      If you intend to do a throw-and-go move under 18.2.1.1 (so you keep your current speed instead of slowing down), but then suddenly notice that you cannot make your intended pass (e.g. someone is covering them), you're in a problematic situation: Your options are, in practice, to do a throwaway or take an intentional travel, as described by the annotation above.

      Neither option is particularly attractive, but in practice, nobody will expect you to do the former. Your best shot is probably to stop as soon as possible, give your opponent a bit of time to make a travel call if they want to (you cannot call a travel on yourself, and going back would be an additional travel) and otherwise play on. A little “sorry” and some pointing might help.

      1. 18.2.4.1. スローワーが、不適切な位置にピボットポイントを確定させた場合（キャッチした後に可能な限り速やかに減速しなかった場合や、キャッチした後に方向を変えた場合を含む）。
      2. 18.2.4.2. スローワーが、18.2.1.1 に違反してパスを出した場合。
      3. 18.2.4.3. スローワーが特定の位置に移動しなければならない場合において、ピボットポイントを確定させる前にスローワーが素振りやスローの動作を始めた場合。
         解釈： Run up for a throw

         After a pull, a turnover not in the central zone, or after momentum causes a player to leave the playing field, the thrower cannot take a run up to make a pass whereby they start their wind up or throwing action before they have established a pivot point.

         Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Throwing motion

         Note that the annotation above is not solely about the arm movement; throwing motion is about all transfer of momentum from your body to the disc. So you cannot run up, pull your arm back, plant your foot in the ground (setting a pivot), and then throw using that built-in momentum; that would be a travel.

      4. 18.2.4.4. スローワーがパスをするまで確定させたピボットポイントを維持できない場合。
      5. 18.2.4.5. 選手が、特定の方向へ移動することだけを目的として、ディスクをボブリング、ファンブル、ディレイした場合。
         解釈： Tipping

         Any contact with the disc that is not a clean catch can be considered tipping (the rules also use the terms bobbling, fumbling, and delaying).

         If a player intentionally tips the disc to themselves into the endzone so that they can score, this is a travel infraction.

         If a player tips the disc so a team-mate can catch it in the end zone, this is a goal. If a player fumbles with a disc while catching it and finally manages to get control over it in the end zone, this is a goal, unless the fumbling was intentional.

         If they tip the disc solely in order to assist themselves to catch a disc that they otherwise would not have been able to gain possession of, that is not a travel.

         Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Any direction

         “Moving in a specific direction” probably does not include the important direction up. As the annotation above points out, if you need to tip the disc upwards to be able to catch it, that is not “moving” even though your body might be moving upwards in the process.

   5. 18.2.5. 「トラベル」のコールがオフェンス側の選手によって認められた場合、プレイは中断しない。
      解釈： Continuing play after a Travel call

      What: An accepted Travel infraction is called and the thrower has not released the disc.

      Result: Play does not stop. The thrower must establish the pivot at the correct spot as per rule 18.2.5.

      Extra: If accepted, all players, except the thrower, are free to move anywhere on the field. Play does not stop, but the disc is live, so it is still subject to a turnover (for example if the thrower drops it).

      If the defense does not indicate to the thrower where the travel occurred, or the thrower wishes to contest the location of an indicated spot, the thrower should announce “violation”, stopping play, and explain that the spot was incorrectly/not indicated.

      If the travel call is contested players should return to where they were when the travel was called.

      If the pass is completed, play stops and the disc is returned to the thrower.

      1. 18.2.5.1. スローワーは、トラベル・インフラクションをコールした選手が指示する正しい位置にピボットポイントを確定する。両者（スローワーとコールをした選手）は、遅延することなくピボットポイントの位置を修正しなくてはならない。
      2. 18.2.5.2. ピボットポイントが正しい位置に確定するまでストールカウントは中断し、スローワーはディスクを投げることはできない。
      3. 18.2.5.3. ストールカウントを再開する前に、マーカーが「ストーリング」と発声する必要はない。
   6. 18.2.6. トラベル・インフラクションがコールされた後、スローワーが正しいピボットの位置にピボットポイントを確定させる前にパスを試み、成功した場合、ディフェンス側の選手は「トラベル・バイオレーション」をコールすることができる。その場合、プレイは中断し、ディスクをスローワーへ戻す。スローワーはインフラクションが発生した位置に戻り、プレイはチェックから再開される。
      解釈： Resuming play after a travel violation

      After a travel violation the thrower must return to the location occupied at the time of the infraction, not to the spot they should have been at.

      Extra: After a turnover out-of-bounds, if the thrower is called for a travel because they established the pivot on the side line, instead of on the goal line, and they have thrown a completed pass, play must stop. The disc must be returned to the thrower and the disc must be checked in where the infraction occurred, ie on the side line. Once the disc is checked in, they must move to the goal line to establish a pivot at the correct spot. All other players may move once the disc is checked in. The disc is considered to be dead until the pivot is established.

   7. 18.2.7. トラベル・インフラクションがコールされた後、スローワーがパスを試みたが成功しなかった場合、プレイは継続される（ターンオーバーが成立する）。
   8. 18.2.8. トラベル・インフラクションのコールに対してコンテストが発生し、パスをしていない場合、プレイは中断する。
3. 18.3. ピック・バイオレーション：
   Decision diagram: Pick called
   1. 18.3.1. ディフェンス側の選手が、1 人のオフェンス側の選手に対してディフェンスをしている状態の時、他の選手（オフェンス側の選手、ディフェンス側の選手のどちらでも）によって、ディフェンスをするための進路を妨げられた場合、ディフェンス側の選手は「ピック」をコールすることができる。ただし、進路を妨げられたときに、ディフェンスをされているオフェンス側の選手と進路を妨げた他の選手の双方がディスクに対してプレイをしていた場合、ピックとはならない。
      解釈： Calling a Pick

      A pick should only be called if the obstructed player is within 3 metres of the player they were guarding at the time they were obstructed. However they do not need to be less than 3 metres away at the time of the call because the obstruction may cause this distance to quickly grow before the call can be made.

      Obstruction may result from contact with, or the need to avoid, the obstructing player.

      A pick cannot be called by the offense.

      A pick should not be called by a defender who was obstructed while attempting to make a play on the disc, that is not related to their ability to move towards/with the player they are guarding (however a defender may call a violation under Rule 12.7 if applicable).

      After an accepted pick call the picked defender catches up the relative position lost because of the pick. If they were trailing by 2.5 metres, then they get to catch back up to 2.5 metres away, but they do not get to set up right next to the offensive player.

      Extra: If the offence retains possession after an accepted pick, the picked defender may go to the agreed place where they would have been without the obstruction. All other players, including the offensive player that the defender was guarding, should be located according to Rule 10.2.

      If the offence retains possession after a contested pick, all players, including the player who made the pick call, should be located according to Rule 10.2

      If the defender does delay the pick call according to 18.3.1.1, the pick is still deemed to have been called when it was actually called, and not when it occurred. If the defender waits longer then two seconds, 15.9 applies.

      Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Guarding one offensive player

      Note that the rule explicitly says “guarding one offensive player”, and the definition of guarding says you must be “primarily focused on” them. If you are trying to guard two or more players, e.g. because you are poaching, you cannot call a pick.

      1. 18.3.1.1. ディフェンス側の選手は、その進路妨害がプレイに影響するかどうかを判断するため、2 秒以内であれば「ピック」のコールを遅らせてもよい。
   2. 18.3.2. プレイが中断した場合、進路を妨害された選手は、その進路妨害がなければいれたであろうと双方の選手間で合意されたポジションに移動してよい。ただし、他に特定の規定がある場合は除く。
      Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Agreed position

      Note that the position must be agreed; if the pick is contested, then that means that defense doesn't agree you would have occupied any other position (since they think there was no obstruction); see annotation on 18.3.1. This is the only real difference between accepted and contested picks, although in practice, it is fairly rare to see picks be contested.

      Note that you do not necessarily get to catch up even for an accepted pick; you get to go where you would have been.

   3. 18.3.3. すべての選手は、ピックを発生させないように努めなければならない。
      1. 18.3.3.1. プレイが中断している場合、選手間の合意があれば、ピックを事前に防ぐためにお互いの位置を若干修正してもよい。