アルティメット公式ルール

15. ファール、インフラクション及びバイオレーションのコール

1. 15.1. 2 人以上の異なるチームの選手同士が、軽微ではない身体接触をする反則を「ファール」とする。
   解釈： Accidental Contact

   Non-minor contact that occurs accidentally is still a foul – it does not need to be intentional. In fact there should be no intentional contact in Ultimate.

   1. 15.1.1. 選手が意図的に軽微な身体接触につながる動きをすることは反則だが、ファールではなくバイオレーションとして扱われる。
2. 15.2. マーカーもしくはトラベル（トラベリング行為）に関する反則を「インフラクション」とする。インフラクションではプレイは中断しない。
   解釈： Infractions stopping play

   Play does not stop for an infraction call. However travel and marking infractions can lead to a stoppage if, for example, after a travel infraction a completed pass is thrown, after an egregious marking infraction, or after a contested infraction call.

3. 15.3. 上記以外の反則を、「バイオレーション」とする。
4. 15.4. ファールは、ファールをされた選手のみが、「ファール」とコールすることができる。
   解釈： Informing opponent of a breach

   If a breach is committed and not called, the player committing the breach should inform the opponent or their team. However play must not be stopped to do so.

   Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Calling a foul on yourself

   Note specifically that this rule prohibits calling a foul on yourself. While it shows good spirit, it would also stop play, which may not be in the best interest of your opponent. Thus, you should instead say something like “I think I fouled you, do you want to call it?” without stopping play. However, this does not go for all calls; for instance, it is completely fine to call oneself out and just put the disc on the ground. In fact, 13.3 says you must call any turnover, as long as you are reasonably sure (annotation on 15).

5. 15.5. 原則、インフラクションは、スローワーのみがコールをすることができる。その場合、インフラクションの具体的な名称でコールをする。
   解釈： Making Infraction Calls

   Only the thrower may call marking infractions, except in the case of a double team. For marking infractions excluding double team, if other players notice a marking infraction they may alert the thrower of this, however this call will have no effect. The thrower may subsequently make the call themselves, in which case the opposition should respond accordingly.

   Any offensive player may make a double team call, however if the call is not made by the thrower, the call should be made loud enough for the thrower and marker to hear. If the thrower echoes a double team call made by a teammate, this should be treated as the same double team call (eg the stall count needs only to be reduced one time.)

   Any opposing player may make a travel infraction call, however if the call is not made by the marker, the call should be made loud enough for the thrower and marker to hear.

   1. 15.5.1. ただし、ダブルチームはどのオフェンス側の選手もコールすることができる。また、「トラベル・インフラクション」はどのディフェンス側の選手もコールすることができる。
6. 15.6. バイオレーションは、相手チームの選手であれば誰でもコールすることができる。その場合、特定の規定がない限りは、バイオレーションの具体的な名称をコールするか、「バイオレーション」とコールする。
7. 15.7. ファールまたはバイオレーションがコールされた場合、プレイは中断する。すべての選手はコールを認識した時点で声掛けや合図をしながら直ちにプレイを中断しなければならない。この時、すべての選手はフィールド上でコールを繰り返し、他の選手に伝達しなければならない。コールが発生していないにも関わらず、協議のためにプレイが中断した場合は、協議が開始された時点でコールが発生したとみなす。
8. 15.8. コールは、反則を認識した時点で、直ちに行わなくてはならない。
   Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Delayable calls

   There are two exceptions to this: Pick calls (18.3.1.1) and indirect foul calls (17.8.1.1) can be delayed two seconds to see if they affected the play or not.

   解釈： Calling a breach immediately

   If a player who is unable to make the call recognises it, such as a receiver in the case of a straddle, the breach can still be called once the player who can make the call recognises it (ie the thrower in this example). However if, for example, the marker recognises that the thrower has established a pivot at the incorrect spot, they cannot wait until the stall count gets to 6 before they call a travel.

   In addition, if a player had a reasonable opportunity to recognise that a breach had occurred, but continued play as if no breach had occurred, they should not make the call later on. For example if the thrower establishes a pivot at the incorrect spot, and the marker starts the stall count, then once the stall count reaches 6, the marker should not call travel for the pivot having been established at the incorrect spot, even if they do not notice until the stall count reaches 6.

   If play has stopped for a discussion, a player can still make a call as part of the discussion.

9. 15.9. コールの聞き間違い、該当するルールを知らなかった、または直ちにコールをしなかった等の理由で間違ってプレイを中断してしまった場合：
   解釈： Initiating a stoppage incorrectly

   For example, if a defender tells a receiver to stop play, but play was not supposed to have stopped and a pass to the receiver results in a turnover, the disc is returned to the thrower and the stall count would resume at “Stalling 1” as per rule 9.5.1.

   Extra: If there is disagreement over who initiated the stoppage incorrectly, then the disc should be returned to the last non-disputed thrower.

   1. 15.9.1. 相手チームがディスクの所有権を得る、もしくは維持できる場合、その後のプレイはすべて有効となる。
   2. 15.9.2. 相手チームがディスクの所有権を得られない、もしくは維持できない場合で、かつ 16.3 が適用されない場合、協議が発生する直前にディスクを所有していたスローワーにディスクを戻さなければならない。
   3. 15.9.3. ストールカウントは、プレイを誤って中断させた選手によって反則が引き起こされたとみなして再開する。
10. 15.10. 「ファール」、「インフラクション」及び「バイオレーション」がコールされ、コールを受けた選手がそのコールに納得しない、もしくは正しくないと考える場合、「コンテスト」をコールすることができる。
    解釈： Contesting a call

    If, for example, the player against whom the breach was called thinks that the breach was not significant enough to make a difference to the outcome of the action, they can contest the call.

    Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： What happens on a contest?

    Rule 15.10 doesn't say what actually happens after a contested call; you'll need to piece it together from a set of other rules.

    First of all, there will (nearly always) be a discussion; see annotation on 1.12 and annotation on 1.3.4. If no player changes their mind during the course of the discussion, the call will stay contested (no hard feelings about it!), and mostly, the state is reset to what it was before the throw: The disc is returned to the thrower if it was thrown (1.12) with the same stall count unless it was high (9.5.3, 9.5.4), everybody goes back to where they were (10.2.1, 10.2.2.1), then play restarts with a check (10.1).

    There are some more specific rules for specific situations:

    • Contested dropped pull: Repeat pull (annotation on 13.1.4)
    • Contested false start / offside: Repeat pull (annotation on 7.5)
    • Contested brick: Play from half-way to the brick mark (annotation on 7.12)
    • Contested catch after a “greatest”: Disc goes back to the “greatest” thrower, on the closest point on the field (annotation on 11.3.1)
    • Contested stall-out: Max stall 8 (9.5.3), an incomplete pass will stand (13.4.3), fast count must called immediately (annotation on 13.4)
    • Contested turnover: Follows general rules above (13.3, annotation on 11.4)
    • Contested goal: Disc stays with receiver, players go to where they were when possession was established (14.2 and annotation)
    • Contested foul: Follows general rules above (17.2.2), except:

      • Contested foul or violation while disc is in the air: Play does not stop immediately (16.2, annotation on 16.3)

      • Contested force-out foul: Stays with receiver if and only if they were not out-of-bounds (17.5.3)

    • Contested pick: Follows general rules above (annotation on 18.3.1); in particular, the caller does not get to catch up
    • Contested marking infraction: Play stops, completed passes go back to the thrower (marking infractions otherwise do not stop play) (18.1.2.1)
    • Contested travel infraction: Thrower must call “violation”, play stops (travel infractions otherwise do not stop play) (annotation on 18.2.5, 18.2.8)

    Remember that 16.3 always applies; if the call or breach didn't affect the play, and both teams agree, it stands anyway.

11. 15.11. 何らかのコールした選手がそのコールは間違っていたと考える場合は、「リトラクト」をコールして撤回することができる。プレイはその選手によって反則が引き起こされたとみなして再開する。
    解釈： Retracting a call

    If, for example, the marker calls a foul against the thrower, and after discussion the marker retracts their call, the stall count would resume at “Stalling 1” as per rule 9.5.1.

    Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Four-value logic

    15.9, 15.10 and 15.11 mean that a call can essentially end up in any of four different states: Accepted, contested, retracted or (for the lack of an official term) invalid. The difference between the two latter states is subtle, but it can actually matter quite a lot, since 15.9.1 and 15.9.2 only apply to the last category; see my comment on 16.2 for an example.

    In effect, this means that when someone retracts a call, there are situations where you may need to ask there why they retracted it; was it because they realized they were wrong in where the line was (retracted call), or because they realized they were wrong about the out-of-bounds rule with regards to lines (invalid call). This can be confusing, to say the least. In practice, few players will know the difference. Note that making a correct call under a bad name is not an invalid call; see annotation on 8.1.3.

    To make things worse, players will often call “retracted” when they should be calling “play on” (see 16.2.4.1). Retracting a call does not automatically restart play.

12. 15.12. 同一のプレイの最中、またはプレイの中断前に複数の反則が発生した場合、発生した順序と逆の順序で解決されなければならない（最後に発生した反則から順に解決し、最初に発生した反則を最後に解決する）。
    解釈： Resolving multiple breaches

    For example, the marker calls an offensive foul on the thrower during the throw, then later a receiver calls a defensive foul on a defender during the reception on an incomplete pass. The fouls are resolved in reverse sequence. First, the receiving foul is resolved (here, assumed accepted), granting possession to the offensive receiver, then the throwing foul is resolved (here, assumed accepted), returning the disc to the thrower. The earlier infraction (offensive foul on the thrower) takes precedence over the later infraction (defensive foul on the receiver), resulting in the disc returning to the original thrower.

    If the disc is returned to the thrower, the stall count must be resolved as per rule 9.5.5.1.

13. 15.13. すべての選手は、コールの内容を伝えるために WFDF が定めるハンドシグナルを使用することが推奨される。
    Diagram: WFDF Hand Signals
    Steinarのコメント（非公式！）： Hand signal mnemonics

    Many of the hand signals are obvious (e.g. pointing down for “down”), but many are not, and some of them come from symbols. If you know these symbols, they can be easier to remember:

    • Violation: The letter V (for Violation).
    • Goal: Comes from American football, showing the two goalposts (the ball goes between them for a goal).
    • Marking infraction: Shows the marker trying to cover the thrower.
    • Timing violation: Uses your head as an old-fashioned stopwatch.
    • Time-out: The letter T (for Time-out).
    • Spirit Stoppage: The same, just upside-down.
    • Personnel Ratio: Female Matching: The shape of the ovaries.